"Parkinson's disease"

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Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, particularly in the substantia nigra, a region responsible for controlling movement.

Symptoms

Symptoms develop gradually and worsen over time. They include:

  1. Motor Symptoms:
    • Tremors (usually at rest, often starting in one hand)
    • Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
    • Muscle rigidity (stiffness)
    • Postural instability (balance problems, increased fall risk)
  2. Non-Motor Symptoms:
    • Depression and anxiety
    • Sleep disturbances
    • Cognitive decline or dementia (in later stages)
    • Autonomic dysfunction (constipation, low blood pressure, sweating issues)
    • Loss of sense of smell

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Unknown exact cause, but involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
  • Risk Factors:
    • Age (usually develops after 60)
    • Family history
    • Exposure to pesticides and toxins
    • Head injuries

Diagnosis

  • No single test; diagnosed based on symptoms, medical history, and neurological examination.
  • Imaging (MRI, DaTscan) may help rule out other conditions.

Treatment

There is no cure, but treatments help manage symptoms:

  1. Medications:
    • Levodopa (L-Dopa) – Converts to dopamine in the brain.
    • Dopamine agonists – Mimic dopamine effects.
    • MAO-B inhibitors – Slow dopamine breakdown.
    • COMT inhibitors – Extend Levodopa effects.
  2. Therapies:
    • Physical therapy (improves movement, balance)
    • Occupational therapy (helps with daily activities)
    • Speech therapy (addresses speech/swallowing issues)
  3. Surgical Options:
    • Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) – Implants electrodes in the brain to regulate movement.
  4. Lifestyle Changes:
    • Regular exercise
    • Healthy diet (Mediterranean or antioxidant-rich foods)
    • Social engagement and mental activities

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